Thanks Freeman (tu)
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Quote
mm
does anyone know how to permanently change permissions for /dev/ttyUSB0. Mine keep reverting back.
Don't do that. Just add your user to the dialout group so you have appropriate permissions on the device. Try something like:
sudo usermod -a -G dialout $USER(in Ubuntu or Debian, this may need minor changes in other distributions).
Quote
mm
Does anyone know how to set the speed for a usb -to serial port?
stty -F /dev/ttyUSB0 9600should set /dev/ttyUSB0 to 9600bps.
In other words, this works exactly like any other serial port, you can set its speed using stty. Once the device is visible to the system, applications (including stty) do not know or care whether the serial port is a virtual one over USB, or any other low level hardware details about the way the device is implemented -- the driver and the kernel hide all that from applications. That's how Unix/Linux is supposed to work.
To see if setting the speed worked, use
stty -F /dev/ttyUSB0 -aand you should get all the details of exactly how that serial port is currently configured, including its speed.
↧
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
thanks a lot.
Glad to know that this post is still alive and kicking. Just followed the procedures by Freeman and it worked out of the box.
No fuss.
Ubuntu 10.4 netbook edition on EeePC.
Used Cutecom to connect to my Cisco AP without a problem
thanks again Freeman
the rainbowarrior
Glad to know that this post is still alive and kicking. Just followed the procedures by Freeman and it worked out of the box.
No fuss.
Ubuntu 10.4 netbook edition on EeePC.
Used Cutecom to connect to my Cisco AP without a problem
thanks again Freeman
the rainbowarrior
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Thanks freeman it saved me a lot of time .
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Prolific Technology, Inc. PL2303 Serial Port
configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
[ 141.286592] pl2303 2-1:1.0: pl2303
converter detected
[ 141.311418] usb 2-1: pl2303 converter now attached to ttyUSB0
engkozhe@ubuntu:~$ sudo wvdial
[sudo] password for engkozhe:
--> WvDial: Internet dialer
version 1.60
--> Cannot get information for serial port.
--> Initializing modem.
-->
Sending: ATZ
OK
--> Sending: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2
ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2
OK
--> Modem
initialized.
--> Sending: ATDT#777
--> Waiting for carrier.
ATDT#777
NO CARRIER
.... PLEASE HELP me with this problem ..
1. I can get my PL2303 serial driver information
2. THe dialer seems tobe on and off
thanks for your help
configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
[ 141.286592] pl2303 2-1:1.0: pl2303
converter detected
[ 141.311418] usb 2-1: pl2303 converter now attached to ttyUSB0
engkozhe@ubuntu:~$ sudo wvdial
[sudo] password for engkozhe:
--> WvDial: Internet dialer
version 1.60
--> Cannot get information for serial port.
--> Initializing modem.
-->
Sending: ATZ
OK
--> Sending: ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2
ATQ0 V1 E1 S0=0 &C1 &D2
OK
--> Modem
initialized.
--> Sending: ATDT#777
--> Waiting for carrier.
ATDT#777
NO CARRIER
.... PLEASE HELP me with this problem ..
1. I can get my PL2303 serial driver information
2. THe dialer seems tobe on and off
thanks for your help
↧
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
What are you trying to do and which applications do you use? I'm using Ubuntu as well and there were no installations for the serial port necessary.
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Freeman Wrote:
-------------------------------------------------------
> The procedure for using the USB adapter from the
> BOM wasn't in the wiki - nor was it immediately
> obvious, so, here goes.
>
>
> If you are using the usb -> RS232 adapter, the
> serial drivers may need to be installed for the
> device to work properly. After plugging in the
> device, first check the hardware messages to see
> the device was detected:
>
> dmesg
>
> Torward the end of the messages, you should see
> this:
>
> usb 1-1: new full speed USB device using uhci_and
> address 2
> usb 1-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
>
> Now, we need to figure out the device vendor
> number and product number to tell the usbserial
> driver. For this we can use lsusb. The easiest
> way to find the information is to first unplug the
> device, then run lsusb:
>
> lsusb
>
>
> You will see a summary list of your USB devices on
> the system, I only have one:
>
> Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
>
> Now, plug the device back in, and run lsusb
> again:
>
> lsusb
>
> Which returns the summary list again, but now
> showing the new USB device:
>
> Bus 001 Device 002: ID 4348:5523
> Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
>
>
> Now, we can load up the driver for this device:
>
> sudo modprobe usbserial vendor=0x4348
> product=0x5523
>
> Finally, check dmesg again to ensure it loaded
> properly.
>
> dmesg
>
> Near the end, you should see something like:
>
> usbserial_generic 1-1:1.0: generic converter
> detected
> usb 1-1: generic converter now attached to
> ttyUSB0
> usbcore: registered new interface driver
> usbserial_generic
>
> Congratulations, your link is up - in this
> example, the device can be used on /dev/ttyUSB0.
> As much fun as you had doing this, there is some
> chance you want to do this automatically in the
> future. Just add this line:
>
> usbserial vendor=0x4348 product=0x5523
>
> to /etc/modules with the vendor and product
> numbers you found. Now, you should have no
> problem using this device for RepRap like a normal
> serial port. Huzzah! :D
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Johnpaul C I
I bought a new phone having the modem ct800p . I wanted to connect that modem to linux debian or ubuntu. I had tried my level best for configuring the modem as per the above method, because my modem was not recognised as a ttyUSB device in the /dev/ file. All my efforts went in vain
-------------------------------------------------------
> The procedure for using the USB adapter from the
> BOM wasn't in the wiki - nor was it immediately
> obvious, so, here goes.
>
>
> If you are using the usb -> RS232 adapter, the
> serial drivers may need to be installed for the
> device to work properly. After plugging in the
> device, first check the hardware messages to see
> the device was detected:
>
> dmesg
>
> Torward the end of the messages, you should see
> this:
>
> usb 1-1: new full speed USB device using uhci_and
> address 2
> usb 1-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
>
> Now, we need to figure out the device vendor
> number and product number to tell the usbserial
> driver. For this we can use lsusb. The easiest
> way to find the information is to first unplug the
> device, then run lsusb:
>
> lsusb
>
>
> You will see a summary list of your USB devices on
> the system, I only have one:
>
> Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
>
> Now, plug the device back in, and run lsusb
> again:
>
> lsusb
>
> Which returns the summary list again, but now
> showing the new USB device:
>
> Bus 001 Device 002: ID 4348:5523
> Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
>
>
> Now, we can load up the driver for this device:
>
> sudo modprobe usbserial vendor=0x4348
> product=0x5523
>
> Finally, check dmesg again to ensure it loaded
> properly.
>
> dmesg
>
> Near the end, you should see something like:
>
> usbserial_generic 1-1:1.0: generic converter
> detected
> usb 1-1: generic converter now attached to
> ttyUSB0
> usbcore: registered new interface driver
> usbserial_generic
>
> Congratulations, your link is up - in this
> example, the device can be used on /dev/ttyUSB0.
> As much fun as you had doing this, there is some
> chance you want to do this automatically in the
> future. Just add this line:
>
> usbserial vendor=0x4348 product=0x5523
>
> to /etc/modules with the vendor and product
> numbers you found. Now, you should have no
> problem using this device for RepRap like a normal
> serial port. Huzzah! :D
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Johnpaul C I
I bought a new phone having the modem ct800p . I wanted to connect that modem to linux debian or ubuntu. I had tried my level best for configuring the modem as per the above method, because my modem was not recognised as a ttyUSB device in the /dev/ file. All my efforts went in vain
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
followed instructions but adapter not working
[ 3878.944100] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 3878.956085] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 3878.968082] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 3878.980113] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 3878.992085] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.910082] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.922077] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.934090] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.946087] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.958100] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.970090] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.982087] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.994110] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 6765.692623] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[ 6792.986818] usb 2-1: USB disconnect, address 9
[ 6795.736066] usb 2-1: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 10
[ 7005.597043] CE: hpet increased min_delta_ns to 7500 nsec
[ 7273.164806] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, address 8
[ 7273.165406] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: MCT U232 converter now disconnected from ttyUSB0
[ 7273.165449] mct_u232 2-2:1.0: device disconnected
[ 7274.945662] usb 2-1: USB disconnect, address 10
[ 7288.772075] usb 2-2: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 11
[ 8053.399703] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, address 11
[ 8057.568071] usb 2-2: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 12
[ 8386.616091] usb 1-1: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 14
[ 8387.260592] Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...
[ 8387.260878] scsi4 : usb-storage 1-1:1.0
[ 8387.261368] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[ 8387.261375] USB Mass Storage support registered.
[ 8390.324739] scsi 4:0:0:0: Direct-Access Lexar USB Flash Drive 3000 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 CCS
[ 8390.326629] sd 4:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
[ 8394.444645] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] 31326208 512-byte logical blocks: (16.0 GB/14.9 GiB)
[ 8394.446085] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
[ 8394.446101] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00
[ 8394.446109] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 8394.451175] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 8394.451209] sdb: sdb1
[ 8394.458094] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 8394.458114] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk
[ 8842.244373] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[ 8885.032491] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[ 8887.574753] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[ 8890.738889] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[10077.803837] usb 1-1: USB disconnect, address 14
[10085.201188] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, address 12
[10091.252091] usb 2-2: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 13
[10286.526161] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, address 13
[10288.772097] usb 2-1: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 14
any help would be appreciated?
[ 3878.944100] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 3878.956085] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 3878.968082] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 3878.980113] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 3878.992085] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.910082] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.922077] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.934090] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.946087] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.958100] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.970090] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.982087] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 4018.994110] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: usb_submit_urb(read bulk) failed pipe 0x40410880 err -22
[ 6765.692623] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[ 6792.986818] usb 2-1: USB disconnect, address 9
[ 6795.736066] usb 2-1: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 10
[ 7005.597043] CE: hpet increased min_delta_ns to 7500 nsec
[ 7273.164806] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, address 8
[ 7273.165406] mct_u232 ttyUSB0: MCT U232 converter now disconnected from ttyUSB0
[ 7273.165449] mct_u232 2-2:1.0: device disconnected
[ 7274.945662] usb 2-1: USB disconnect, address 10
[ 7288.772075] usb 2-2: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 11
[ 8053.399703] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, address 11
[ 8057.568071] usb 2-2: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 12
[ 8386.616091] usb 1-1: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 14
[ 8387.260592] Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...
[ 8387.260878] scsi4 : usb-storage 1-1:1.0
[ 8387.261368] usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
[ 8387.261375] USB Mass Storage support registered.
[ 8390.324739] scsi 4:0:0:0: Direct-Access Lexar USB Flash Drive 3000 PQ: 0 ANSI: 0 CCS
[ 8390.326629] sd 4:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
[ 8394.444645] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] 31326208 512-byte logical blocks: (16.0 GB/14.9 GiB)
[ 8394.446085] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off
[ 8394.446101] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00
[ 8394.446109] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 8394.451175] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 8394.451209] sdb: sdb1
[ 8394.458094] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through
[ 8394.458114] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk
[ 8842.244373] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[ 8885.032491] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[ 8887.574753] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[ 8890.738889] handle_rx_packet: invalid, small RX packet : 1
[10077.803837] usb 1-1: USB disconnect, address 14
[10085.201188] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, address 12
[10091.252091] usb 2-2: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 13
[10286.526161] usb 2-2: USB disconnect, address 13
[10288.772097] usb 2-1: new full speed USB device using ohci_hcd and address 14
any help would be appreciated?
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Your log quote looks good. Is the new device appearing in /dev/ ? It's name should be tty.usb.something.
↧
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Thx for the tips. For Ubuntu 10, I just plugged the device and everything was there. Just needed to use dmesg to make sure it's there.
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
I've done the procedures and it seems that I've gotten the desired results. However, the program I'm using (I'm connecting to a robot) requests a COMM port number to send commands through. How can the port be set up as a COMM1-COMM4 so that the program will recognize and use it correctly?
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
What's COM on Windows is /dev/tty.... on Ubuntu (or Linux or Unix in general).
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Great! thanks a lot for this, I Googles for quite a while before I found this. The installation guide works like a charm with my FTDI USB to serial adapter
↧
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Hi,
I am using a pl2303x USB to serial convertor. I got until this point where I plugged in the cable and typed lsusb and then got this: Bus 005 Device 005: ID 067b:2303 Prolific Technology, Inc. PL2303 Serial Port. The last few lines after I typed in dmesg are: [ 4924.854666] usb 5-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
[4924.857613] pl2303 5-1:1.0: pl2303 convertor detected
[4924.869657] usb 5-1: pl2303 convertor now attached to ttyUSB0
When I typed in : modprobe usbserial vendor=0x067b product=2303 it returned nothing. I confirmed that the cable is working by shorting out terminals 2,3 then plugging it into a Windows machine and using Hyperterminal at a baud rate 19200 with 8N1. I opened Microcom and save a new configuration with settings baud rate 19200 with 8N1 and also changed the serial device to /dev/ttyUSB0. The terminals 2,3 were still sorted out and when I opened minicom I got this output:
AT S7=45 S0=0 L1 V1 X4 &c1 E1 Q0
Then a flashing cursor which allowed me to type but did not echo back anything.
Earlier I associated ttyS0 to ttyUSB0 using the ln command then removed the ttyS0 from the /dev/ folder. I don't know if I am missing a driver or something else. Any help is appreciated that might solve this problem.
Regards,
JM
I am using a pl2303x USB to serial convertor. I got until this point where I plugged in the cable and typed lsusb and then got this: Bus 005 Device 005: ID 067b:2303 Prolific Technology, Inc. PL2303 Serial Port. The last few lines after I typed in dmesg are: [ 4924.854666] usb 5-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
[4924.857613] pl2303 5-1:1.0: pl2303 convertor detected
[4924.869657] usb 5-1: pl2303 convertor now attached to ttyUSB0
When I typed in : modprobe usbserial vendor=0x067b product=2303 it returned nothing. I confirmed that the cable is working by shorting out terminals 2,3 then plugging it into a Windows machine and using Hyperterminal at a baud rate 19200 with 8N1. I opened Microcom and save a new configuration with settings baud rate 19200 with 8N1 and also changed the serial device to /dev/ttyUSB0. The terminals 2,3 were still sorted out and when I opened minicom I got this output:
AT S7=45 S0=0 L1 V1 X4 &c1 E1 Q0
Then a flashing cursor which allowed me to type but did not echo back anything.
Earlier I associated ttyS0 to ttyUSB0 using the ln command then removed the ttyS0 from the /dev/ folder. I don't know if I am missing a driver or something else. Any help is appreciated that might solve this problem.
Regards,
JM
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Thanks a lot for this. Very cool. I used it for this USB to Serial adapter and it worked flawlessly
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
You're the GREAT.
You Thank !!!! O_O !!!!! Thanks :D
Just tryna hack my PDA and install linux on this HP iPAQ h5500 XDDD
You Thank !!!! O_O !!!!! Thanks :D
Just tryna hack my PDA and install linux on this HP iPAQ h5500 XDDD
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Can anyone help me ?.
I have tried the given code. and am getting the following error.
FATAL: Error inserting usbserial (/lib/modules/2.6.32-33-generic/kernel/drivers/usb/serial/usbserial.ko): Invalid module format.
I have tried the given code. and am getting the following error.
FATAL: Error inserting usbserial (/lib/modules/2.6.32-33-generic/kernel/drivers/usb/serial/usbserial.ko): Invalid module format.
↧
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Hi i tried the above procedure but didnt get worked please help me:-
lsusb
Bus 006 Device 002: ID 03f0:7029 Hewlett-Packard
Bus 006 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 005 Device 011: ID 0c52:a025 Sealevel Systems, Inc.
Bus 005 Device 007: ID 0451:2046 Texas Instruments, Inc. TUSB2046 Hub
Bus 005 Device 010: ID 0c52:a024 Sealevel Systems, Inc.
Bus 005 Device 009: ID 0c52:a023 Sealevel Systems, Inc.
Bus 005 Device 008: ID 0c52:a022 Sealevel Systems, Inc.
Bus 005 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
# modprobe usbserial vendor=0451 product=2046
When i run this command it show nothing
# dmesg|grep ttyUSB
lsusb
Bus 006 Device 002: ID 03f0:7029 Hewlett-Packard
Bus 006 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 003 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 004 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
Bus 005 Device 011: ID 0c52:a025 Sealevel Systems, Inc.
Bus 005 Device 007: ID 0451:2046 Texas Instruments, Inc. TUSB2046 Hub
Bus 005 Device 010: ID 0c52:a024 Sealevel Systems, Inc.
Bus 005 Device 009: ID 0c52:a023 Sealevel Systems, Inc.
Bus 005 Device 008: ID 0c52:a022 Sealevel Systems, Inc.
Bus 005 Device 001: ID 0000:0000
# modprobe usbserial vendor=0451 product=2046
When i run this command it show nothing
# dmesg|grep ttyUSB
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Hi Freeman
Thansk a lot,
I had a lot a problem to get my FTDI2232H device detected and working as a serial port,
You have provided all the answers and commands to get it working (Ubuntu).
THX again
SuperxGDX
Thansk a lot,
I had a lot a problem to get my FTDI2232H device detected and working as a serial port,
You have provided all the answers and commands to get it working (Ubuntu).
THX again
SuperxGDX
↧
Re: Ubuntu USB-Serial port install procedure
Hi
It works for my usb-convertor using minicom.
However, if usb-rs232 converter is plugged into USB HUB first
and HUB connected to Ubuntu PC, minicom will not work.
Could you help to make it work with USB HUB ?
Thanks!
Vincent
It works for my usb-convertor using minicom.
However, if usb-rs232 converter is plugged into USB HUB first
and HUB connected to Ubuntu PC, minicom will not work.
Could you help to make it work with USB HUB ?
Thanks!
Vincent
↧